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International Trade FDI in India - 3285 Words

INTRODUCTION Indian market is one of the largest market with high purchasing power. Lot s of work to be done in the field of logistics supply chain management. It is not possible for Indian government alone to developed world class infrastructure and other allied facilities because of huge investment requirement . FDI in India has in a lot of ways enabled India to achieve a certain degree of financial stability, growth and development. In order to create new more jobs , FDI is the success mantra now. FDI no doubt is creating innovation in retail sector but simultaneously it may pull down the local and domestic retailers of India which is surely a concern to worry about for Indian government. It reduces the gap between farm prices†¦show more content†¦New labour-intensive Final Product Exports: There are many opportunities for host countries to become significant exporters of new labour-intensive final products, such as textiles and other consumer goods. Firms in developing countries se eking to expand their exports to world markets, however, face immense difficulties in setting up a distribution network, changes in consumer tastes, and building up a new product image. In many cases, the design, packaging, distribution, and servicing of the products are as important as being able to produce them at, or below, ruling prices in world markets. The lack of such skills constitutes a key barrier to entry into the world markets for developing country’s exporters. Labour-intensive Processes and Component Specialization within Vertically Integrated International Industries: Exports of labour-intensive goods within vertically integrated production obviously depend on the participation of TNCs. 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Basic elements of social fields Essay Example For Students

Basic elements of social fields Essay RESUMEN: El presente trabajo revisa algunos elementos bsicos dela teora de los campos sociales, destacando su profunda ligazncon el estudio de la teora poltica y los Derechos fundamentales. El autor intenta explicar de la forma ms clara posible dentro de supropia complejidad, la teora de Pierre BOURDIEU. Tras ahondar en elconcepto de campos sociales; los elementos fundamentales de lateora; las relaciones entre campo social, capital y sujetos; y, la autonomarelativa de los campos; fi nalmente, como un pretexto paraaplicar la teora de los campos sociales, se refl exiona acerca de lareforma a la calidad de la educacin chilena. ABSTRACT: The present work checks some basic elements of thesocial fi elds theory, emphasizing its deep attachment with the studyof the political theory and the fundamental rights. The authortries to explain as clear as possible inside its own complexity, PierreBOURDIEU s theory. After explain the concept of social fi elds; the fundamentalelements of the theory; the relations between social fi eld,capital and subjects; and, the fi elds relative autonomy; fi nally, as apretext to apply the the social fi elds theory, the author thinks overthe reform of the Chilean education quality. PALABRAS CLAVE: Instituciones Polticas Derechos Fundamentales Sociologa del Derecho Campos Sociales Pierre BOURDIEUKEY WORDS: Political institutions Fundamental rights LegalSociology Social Fields Pierre BOURDIEUI. INTRODUCCINEn trminos simples, una teora es un conjunto ordenado de ideas quedescriben un objeto de estudio determinado y su funcionamiento. El valor delas teoras depende del nivel con que nos permite comprender y explicarnoslos fenmenos de la naturaleza y de la sociedad. Ellas perviven, siguiendo elanlisis de Thomas S. KUHN sobre las revoluciones cientfi cas, hasta que sonreemplazadas por una propuesta ms satisfactoria que es adoptada por lacomunidad. Durante el ltimo tiempo ha gozado de muy buena salud en elmbito de la sociologa la propuesta diseada por el francs Pierre BOURDIEU,especialmente aquella parte de su obra referida a los campos sociales. Por los diversos motivos que se tendr oportunidad de apreciar en eldesarrollo de este trabajo, la teora de los campos sociales ofrece un modelode anlisis sumamente til para comprender las relaciones de poder alinterior de la sociedad, la dinmica de funcionamiento de diversos sectores211ARS BONI ET AEQUI (AO 7 NO 1): PP. 209 219aparentemente muy distintos entre s y algunos elementos que el Estado socialy democrtico de Derecho debe tener a la vista al momento de realizarlas tareas que le son propias, especialmente en la promocin y defensa de losderechos fundamentales. Debido a ello, en este breve trabajo hemos emprendido la tarea de rescataralgunos de los elementos bsicos de la teora de los campos sociales,destacando su profunda ligazn con el estudio de la teora poltica y losDerechos fundamentales, intentado explicarlos de la forma ms clara posibledentro de su propia complejidad. Advertimos al lector que este se trata de untexto escrito por un hombre de Derecho destinado a actuales y futuros hombresy mujeres de Derecho. Por lo tanto, en este trabajo ser sumamente fcilpara un especialista en Ciencias Sociales detectar algunas fallas, imprecisionese incluso excesivas simplifi caciones. Pido desde ya las excusas del casoen atencin a la fi nalidad ya declarada. Dicho lo anterior, solamente resta sealar que este se trata de un trabajodescriptivo, por lo que no cabe la generacin de conclusiones. Sin embargo,con el afn pedaggico que nos inspira el fi nal del texto se incluye un brevsimoanlisis en el cual se pretende ilustrar la aplicacin de esta teora asituaciones de relevancia poltica y jurdica. .u2026644758148429964ea5af8e922d59 , .u2026644758148429964ea5af8e922d59 .postImageUrl , .u2026644758148429964ea5af8e922d59 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2026644758148429964ea5af8e922d59 , .u2026644758148429964ea5af8e922d59:hover , .u2026644758148429964ea5af8e922d59:visited , .u2026644758148429964ea5af8e922d59:active { border:0!important; } .u2026644758148429964ea5af8e922d59 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2026644758148429964ea5af8e922d59 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2026644758148429964ea5af8e922d59:active , .u2026644758148429964ea5af8e922d59:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2026644758148429964ea5af8e922d59 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2026644758148429964ea5af8e922d59 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2026644758148429964ea5af8e922d59 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2026644758148429964ea5af8e922d59 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2026644758148429964ea5af8e922d59:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2026644758148429964ea5af8e922d59 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2026644758148429964ea5af8e922d59 .u2026644758148429964ea5af8e922d59-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2026644758148429964ea5af8e922d59:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cats Cradle (941 words) EssayII. EL CONCEPTO DE CAMPOS SOCIALESEn la teora de BOURDIEU se defi ne a los campos sociales como: espaciosde juego histricamente constituidos por sus instituciones especfi cas y susleyes de funcionamiento propias.1 Para el socilogo francs la sociedad puedeser concebida como un espacio diferenciado de posiciones sociales en elque las relaciones entre estas posiciones constituyen el ncleo de lo que espropiamente social.2 Es decir, la actividad propia de la vida en sociedad sedefi ne por las relaciones entre entes que se distinguen entre s por la posesinde diferentes bienes y valores que los sitan en distintas posiciones, las que,a su vez, permiten y defi nen las relaciones entre ellos. Luego, los campossociales son espacios identifi cables en donde ocurren tipos especfi cos derelaciones entre sujetos, siendo posible analizar estas relaciones como tales ycon independencia de aquellos que las realizan. En las sociedades (altamente diferenciadas) el cosmos social est conformadopor varios de estos microcosmos sociales relativamente autnomos,1 BOURDIEU (1988) pp. 108 114. 2 AGUILAR (2003) p. 81. 212NEZ LEIVA, J. IGNACIO (2010): ELEMENTOS BSICOS DE LA TEORA DE LOS CAMPOSSOCIALES DE PIERRE BOURDIEU. APUNTES PARA ESTUDIANTES Y DOCENTES DEDERECHOes decir, espacios de relaciones objetivas que son el sitio de una lgica y unanecesidad especfi cas e irreductibles a aquellas que regulan otros campos. Por ejemplo, el campo artstico, el religioso o el econmico siguen todos lgicasespecfi cas: mientras que el campo artstico se ha constituido a si mismorechazando o revirtiendo la ley del provecho material, el campo econmicoha emergido histricamente a travs de la creacin de un universo dentro delcual, como solemos decir, los negocios son los negocios, donde las encantadasrelaciones de amistad y amor estn en principio excluidas.3Este concepto es en cierto sentido similar al de sistema autorreferencialpara la teora de LUHMANN, aunque BOURDIEU se ocupe de marcar las diferenciascon aqul4. En efecto, ambas nociones se refi eren a subreas dela vida social, autnomas, con reglas endmicas de funcionamiento y queno pueden ser explicadas por lo que ocurre fuera de ellos. Esto constituye,precisamente, su principal utilidad a efectos del estudio de las institucionespolticas, pues permite apreciar algunos elementos que condicionan su creaciny confi guracin, y comprender -adems- algunos de los divers os comportamientosde los sujetos en sociedad, sea de forma individual o colectiva,en relaciones de politicidad. III. ELEMENTOS Y CONCEPTOS FUNDAMENTALES PARA LA TEORA DELOS CAMPOS SOCIALES1. El Capital y los distintos tipos de capitalLa especifi cidad de cada campo se distingue por el tipo de capital queest en juego en cada uno de ellos. El capital desde este punto de vista es elconjunto de bienes acumulados que se producen, se distribuyen, se consumen,se invierten y/o se pierden, con la condicin de que dichos bienes sepresenten como raros y sean dignos de ser buscados en una formacin socialespecfi ca. Se trata de un concepto metaeconmico, que se predica de bienes queno tienen naturaleza econmica, pero que respecto de ellos se puede observarla existencia de especies de mercados en los cuales circulan y se distribuyenentre sus distintos agentes. A partir de cada tipo distinto de capital, seconstituyen diferentes campos sociales. 3 BORDIEU WACQUANT (2008) p. 135. 4 Idem. 213ARS BONI ET AEQUI (AO 7 NO 1): PP. 209 219BOURDIEU, adems del capital econmico constituido por la posesin debienes con signifi cacin econmica distingue principalmente los siguientestipos de capital. Esta distincin no agota los tipos posibles de bienes y capitales,sino que solamente los agrupa en grandes categoras.